Learning Permutation Invariant Representations using Memory Networks

Shivam Kalra, Mohammed Adnan, Graham Taylor, H.R. Tizhoosh ;

Many real-world tasks such as classification of digital histopathological images and 3D object detection involve learning from a set of instances. In these cases, only a group of instances or a set, collectively, contains meaningful information and therefore only the sets have labels, and not individual data instances. In this work, we present a permutation invariant neural network called Memory-based Exchangeable Model (MEM) for learning universal set functions. The MEM model consists of memory units that embed an input sequence to high-level features enabling it to learn inter-dependencies among instances through a self-attention mechanism. We evaluated the learning ability of MEM on various toy datasets, point cloud classification, and classification of whole slide images (WSIs) into two subtypes of the lung cancer--Lung Adenocarcinoma, and Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma. We systematically extracted patches from WSIs of the lung, downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset, the largest public repository of WSIs, achieving a competitive accuracy of 84.84% for classification of two sub-types of lung cancer. The results on other datasets are promising as well, and demonstrate the efficacy of our model. \keywords{Permutation Invariant Models, Multi Instance Learning, Whole Slide Image Classification, Medical Images}"